Deforestation and Global Warming Essay Example

Deforestation and Global Warming Paper Ranchers slice timberlands to give more space to planting harvests or brushing animals. Frequently numerous little ranchers will each unmistakable a couple of sections of land to take care of their families by chopping down trees and consuming them in a procedure known as slice and consume agribusiness. Logging tasks, which give the universes wood and paper items, likewise cut endless trees every year. Lumberjacks, some of them acting unlawfully, likewise fabricate streets to get to an ever increasing number of remote timberlands. This procedure just prompts further deforestation. Woodlands are additionally cut because of developing urban populaces. Hydroelectric dams are very dubious in light of the fact that while they help to control networks, they additionally add to deforestation. Damming adversaries accept that the structure of such structures has a negative ecological effect, however it likewise opens up the zone to lumberjacks and more streets. To construct a hydroelectric dam, sections of land of land must be overwhelmed, which causes decay and arrival of ozone depleting substances. Nearby individuals can likewise be uprooted by dam ventures, creating additional deforestation when these individuals resettle somewhere else. In spite of the fact that not all deforestation is deliberate, some s brought about by a mix of human and normal components like rapidly spreading fires and resulting overgrazing, which may forestall the development of youthful trees. Flames, both incidental and expected, decimate sections of land of woodland rapidly. Zones influenced by logging are increasingly powerless to flames because of the quantity of dried and dead trees. Milder winters and stretched out warm seasons because of an Earth-wide temperature boost additionally helps fuel fires. For instance, certain types of scarab that typically cease to exist each winter are currently ready to endure and keep benefiting from trees. We will compose a custom paper test on Deforestation and Global Warming explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Deforestation and Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Deforestation and Global Warming explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This taking care of makes the trees bite the dust and dry out, making them progressively helpless to flames. Impacts of Deforestation has many negative consequences for nature. The most sensational effect is lost living space for many species. 70% of Earths land creatures and plants live in backwoods, and many can't endure the deforestation that crushes their homes. Soil disintegration, while a characteristic procedure, is quickened with deforestation. Trees and plants go about as a characteristic hindrance to slow water as it runs off the land. Roots tie the dirt and keep it from washing endlessly. The nonappearance of vegetation makes the topsoil disintegrate all the more rapidly. Its hard for plants to develop in the less nutritious soil that remaining parts. Deforestation additionally drives environmental change. Timberland soils are soggy, yet without assurance from sun blocking tree spread they rapidly dry out. Trees additionally help sustain the water cycle by returning water fume again into the environment. Without trees to fill these jobs, numerous previous timberland terrains can immediately become infertile deserts. Expelling trees denies the woods of segments of its covering, which hinders the suns beams during the day and holds in heat around evening time. This disturbance prompts progressively outrageous temperatures swings cap can be destructive to plants and creatures. Trees additionally assume a basic job in engrossing the ozone harming substances that fuel an Earth-wide temperature boost. Less woodlands mean bigger measures of ozone harming substances entering the climate. Researchers are discovering an ever increasing number of connections among deforestation and an Earth-wide temperature boost. The carbon impression made by four years of deforestation is equivalent to the carbon impression of each and every air trip throughout the entire existence of aeronautics up to the year 2025. Answers for Deforestation The snappiest answer for deforestation is just quit chopping down trees. In spite of the fact that deforestation rates have eased back a piece as of late, monetary real factors make this far-fetched to happen. A progressively functional arrangement is to painstakingly oversee timberland assets by dispensing with clear-slicing to ensure that backwoods conditions stay unblemished. The cutting that happens ought to be adjusted by the planting of enough youthful trees to supplant the more seasoned ones chop down the world over. Most deforested zones when taken off alone will in the long run recover to prolific scene. We can positively plant more trees in a procedure called reforestation. Truth be told, numerous not-for-profit associations have sprung up to help reforestation. In spite of the fact that the quantity of new trees planted every year is developing, their absolute despite everything rises to just a little portion of the Earths forested land. Taking everything into account, deforestation is a difficult issue influencing all territories of the globe. The impacts of deforestation are enduring and annihilating. Whole types of bugs and creatures have vanished as a result of the pulverization of their natural surroundings. Researchers see that deforestation significantly affects environmental change, or an Earth-wide temperature boost. This by itself ought to be sufficient to make change in our methodology deforestation.

Early Warning Signs in Elie Wiesels Night Essay -- essays research pa

Denying Life As a child watches his mom take her final gasp on her deathbed, a staggering anguish sets in. Albeit realizing that his mother smokes and beverages, he never advised her to stop or back off in light of the fact that he figured his mom can never kick the bucket. For this situation, the balance of this refusal is his mom’s early demise however, the disavowal by the Jews during 1942, caused an unquestionably increasingly predominant disaster, 6,000,000 passings! Tsk-tsk, much the same as the kid who lost his mom, the Jews have signs and admonitions to get away from the attack and Elie Wiesel makes a magnificent showing of consolidating that in his book, Night. These neglected possibilities, or themes, are Moshe not getting the regard for his promise, uncomprehending the news that is given to the Jews, and the misinterpretation of how abhorrent a man Hitler is. On the off chance that one is spared from their very own slaughter individuals, it is vital that the person in question return back to their country and caution others of their moving toward destiny. This should give them sufficient opportunity to pack their effects and escape from their intruders. In Elie Wiesel’s difficult diary Night, there is a minor character that encounters this grouping, and his name is Moshe the Beadle. The main distinction in the cycles is that when Moshe returns, no one trusts him of his occurrence. When Moshe returns, one resident shouts, â€Å"’He’s simply attempting to make us feel sorry for him. Or on the other hand even: ‘Poor individual, He’s gone mad.’† The reason for this mistreatment might be a result of his â€Å"waiflike timidity,† however all things considered, regarding Moshe’s guidance could have allowed the Jews of Sighets’ assurance from the Nazi death camps. An extra motiv ation behind why Moshe was not given the best possible regard may be on the grounds that he was profoundly strict. Different individuals around may have been persuaded that Moshe had s... ...f the significant Optimism of the Jews is that they couldn't appreciate the slaughtering of every one of their kin. They consider it to be an errand that contains no conceivable method to be satisfied. They legitimize it by saying â€Å"Was he going to clear out an entire people? Might he be able to eradicate a populace dissipated all through such a significant number of nations? So a large number! What techniques might he be able to use?† (6). The solution to their inquiry is yes yet there is numerous odds to get away from this destiny, despite the fact that the Jews of Sighet deny it. Downplaying Hitler, denying the media, and not understanding the profundity of Hitler’s fiendish, were all the themes appeared above and is confirmation on how the Jews of Sighet prevent their admonition signs from securing an up and coming holocaust. Paying attention to these signs may have allowed a significant number of them life in a spot that fabricated demise. What's more, when the race toward death started, it was the town numbskull that came out to be the sharpest.

Attribution and Social Psychology

Attribution and Social Psychology More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In social psychology, attribution is the process of inferring the causes of events or behaviors. In real life, attribution is something we all do every day, usually without any awareness of the underlying processes and biases that lead to our inferences. For example, over the course of a typical day, you probably make numerous attributions about your own behavior as well as that of the people around you. When you get a poor grade on a quiz, you might blame the teacher for not adequately explaining the material, completely dismissing the fact that you didnt study. When a classmate gets a great grade on the same quiz, you might attribute his good performance to luck, neglecting the fact that he has excellent study habits. Why do we make internal attributions for some things while making external attributions for others? Part of this has to do with the type of attribution we are likely to use in a particular situation. Cognitive biases often play major roles as well. What impact do attributions for behavior really have on your life? The attributions you make each and every day has an important influence on your feelings as well as how you think and relate to other people. Types   Interpersonal Attribution: When telling a story to a group of friends or acquaintances, you are likely to tell the story in a way that places you in the best possible light.Predictive Attribution: We also tend to attribute things in ways that allow us to make future predictions. If your car was vandalized, you might attribute the crime to the fact that you parked in a particular parking garage. As a result, you will avoid that parking garage in the future in order to avoid further vandalism.Explanatory Attribution: We use explanatory attributions to help us make sense of the world around us. Some people have an optimistic explanatory style, while others tend to be more pessimistic. People with an optimistic style attribute positive events to stable, internal and global causes and negative events to unstable, external and specific causes. Those with a pessimistic style attribute negative events to internal, stable and global causes and positive events to external, stable and specific causes. Theories   Psychologists have also introduced a number of different theories to help further understand how the attribution process works. Heiders Common Sense Theory In his 1958 book The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, Fritz Heider suggested that people observe others, analyze their behavior, and come up with their own common-sense explanations for such actions.?? Heider groups these explanations into either external attributions or internal attributions. External attributions are those that are blamed on situational forces, while internal attributions are blamed on individual characteristics and traits. Correspondent Inference Theory In 1965, Edward Jones and Keith Davis suggested that people make inferences about others in cases where actions are intentional rather than accidental.?? When people see others acting in certain ways, they look for a correspondence between the persons motives and his or her behaviors. The inferences people then make are based on the degree of choice, the expectedness of the behavior, and the effects of that behavior. Biases and Errors Self-Serving Bias Think about the last time you received a good grade on a psychology exam. Chances are that you attributed your success to internal factors. I did well because I am smart or I did well because I studied and was well-prepared are two common explanations you might use to justify your test performance. What happens when you receive a poor grade, though? Social psychologists have found that in this situation, you are more likely to attribute your failure to external forces. I failed because the teacher included trick questions or The classroom was so hot that I couldnt concentrate are examples of excuses a student might come up with to explain their poor performance. Notice that both of these explanations lay the blame on outside forces rather than accepting personal responsibility. Psychologists refer to this phenomenon as the self-serving bias. So why are we more likely to attribute our success to our personal characteristics and blame outside variables for our failures? Researchers believe that blaming external factors for failures and disappointments helps protect self-esteem.?? The Fundamental Attribution Error When it comes to other people, we tend to attribute causes to internal factors such as personality characteristics and ignore or minimize external variables. This phenomenon tends to be very widespread, particularly among individualistic cultures. Psychologists refer to this tendency as the fundamental attribution error; even though situational variables are very likely present, we automatically attribute the cause to internal characteristics. The fundamental attribution error explains why people often blame other people for things over which they usually have no control. The term blaming the victim is often used by social psychologists to describe a phenomenon in which people blame innocent victims of crimes for their misfortune. In such cases, people may accuse the victim of failing to protect themselves from the event by behaving in a certain manner or not taking specific precautionary steps to avoid or prevent the event. Examples of this include accusing rape victims, domestic violence survivors and kidnap victims of behaving in a manner that somehow provoked their attackers. Researchers suggest that hindsight bias causes people to mistakenly believe that victims should have been able to predict future events and therefore take steps to avoid them.?? The Actor-Observer Bias Interestingly, when it comes to explaining our own behavior, we tend to have the opposite bias of the fundamental attribution error. When something happens, we are more likely to blame external forces than our personal characteristics. In psychology, this tendency is known as the actor-observer bias. How can we explain this tendency? One possible reason is that we simply have more information about our own situation than we do about other peoples. When it comes to explaining your own actions, you have more information about yourself and the situational variables at play. When youre trying to explain another persons behavior, you are at a bit of a disadvantage; you only have the information that is readily observable. Not surprisingly, people are less likely to fall victim to the actor-observer discrepancy with people that they know very well. Because you know more about the personality and behavior of people youre close too, you are better able to take their point of view and more likely to be aware of possible situational causes for their behaviors.

Demographics Ice Cream Industry - 1600 Words

Demographics of the Ice Cream Industry The Canadian demographic for ice cream has been a constant presence of a sweet treat on a hot summer day. Thankfully, Canadians love ice cream, and enjoy it all year around. But, just who is enjoying this delicious milky treat, and what opportunities and threats does that leave the ice cream industry with? Opportunities Canadians have loved ice cream for centuries, and it shows today as children as young as ages 2-12, and folks as mature as 75 and up love ice cream. (Canadians Crazy for Ice Cream, 2010, Para. 12). Parents have also been giving their children exposure to ice cream at ages as little as one year in moderation. This opportunity will allow ice cream to bring them childhood memories and†¦show more content†¦Yet, where there are micro environmental factors, there’s also macro. Macro environmental factors are affected by natural disasters such as the fire that caused $2million of damages at Chapman’s institution of Markdale (CTV Toronto, 2009, Para. 1 16), which posed as a threat because the result was loss of an entire product plant as well as product growth. Other macro environmental factors also include the economy. If the economy goes down, the less people will spend money and the more they’ll cut out the little things, like ice cream. Other threats to obtaining the demographic span can be as simple as people who are lactose intolerant. Being lactose intolerant is actually having the high sugars in milk products not properly being broken down in the body. However, ice cream provides these high sugars, making it difficult and uncomfortable for the body to digest. (Canadian Digestive Health Foundation, 2013, para.1) While this seems like a mild threat, it holds the value of over 7 million Canadians who suffer from lactose intolerance and are not able to enjoy milk products, resulting in a large loss. (Canadian Digestive Health Foundation, 2013, Para 2) Opportunity or Threat. DEMOGRAPHIC Ice cream is becoming exposed to children at young ages.(Mamapedia, 2012, Para. 2) -This is an opportunity for the ice cream industry because as the ice cream industry grows, people grow with it. The early exposure of ice cream to children can create cravings,Show MoreRelatedThe Market Value of Frozen Yogurt in New Zealand Essay641 Words   |  3 PagesChoice† frozen yogurt company is a speciality shop for frozen yoghurt. In the frozen dessert industry, frozen yogurt is a new popular dessert since ice cream. Although frozen yogurt businesses have developed greatly in the past few years in New Zealand, and are going strong in the future. 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Social Media Strategy of Sainsburys - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2496 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? This essay contains a brief introduction which will contextualise and define and the term social media marketing strategy. It will then analyse the UK supermarket chain Sainsburys social media marketing strategy with particular attention paid to their strengths and weaknesses. The conclusion will provide a concise set of recommendations for improvement which will be underpinned by academic theory. Introduction Use of the internet has shifted since its begging where individuals created and published content, to what is currently known as web 2.0, whereby content is continuously changed and updated by other users, essentially creating collaborative content (Oreilly, 2007). Web 2.0 can be seen as holding the ideological and technological enabler of social media (Kaplan and Heliean, 2010). Social media is defined as Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking (Oxford Dictionary, 2015). As such a social media marketing strategy can be understood to be how a firm tries to use social media for promotion with the aim of achieving their business objectives. Most firms use social media to communicate with external third parties, commonly adopting a multipronged strategy operating across numerous social platforms (Piskorski, 2011). The other key way in which firms use social media is for internal communication known as enterprise so cial media (ESM). Leonardi, Huysman, and Steinfield (2013) define ESM as Web-based platforms that allow workers to (1) communicate messages with specific co-workers or broadcast messages to everyone in the organization; (2) explicitly indicate or implicitly reveal particular co-workers as communication partners; (3) post, edit, and sort text and files linked to themselves or others; and (4) view the messages, connections, text, and files communicated, posted, edited and sorted by anyone else in the organization at any time of their choosing.. In line with Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) the four types of social media this essay focuses on are, collaborative projects, content communities, blogs and social networking sites. Sainsburys is one of the leading retailers in the UK with a current market share of 16.8%, and has diversified into services namely the finance and energy solutions sectors (Marketline advantage, 2015). Currently listed on Sainsburys social media page they have 4 twi tter accounts, a Facebook page, a YouTube channel and a Flikr profile (Sainsburys, 2015a), they also have created their own content community online called TrolleyTalk (Trolley Talk. 2015) which facilitates discussion among stakeholders on any issue regarding supermarket trade, as well as an ESM platform Yammer (Brooks, 2015). Currently Sainsburys external social media strategy incorporates three main elements, Customer service, Crisis control and sales. Sales appears to be the most prevalent across all platforms with their main twitter account, Facebook page and YouTube channel primarily attempting to stimulate sales through promoting recipes and competitions. The profile for Sainsburys main twitter account reads delicious recipes, food inspiration, competitions and customer service. Got a question? Our team is here to help! (Twitter, 2015a). The secondary aim appears to be raising brand awareness by promoting their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activity, brand values an d press releases, seen on their twitter account @sainsburysnews (Twitter, 2015b). While their ESM objectives appear to be improving internal connectivity, sharing ideas and celebrating success (Brooks, 2015). An analysis of the strengths of this social media strategy will follow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Media Strategy of Sainsburys" essay for you Create order Strengths of Sainsburys social media marketing strategy Klout a social media tool which is used to measure brand influence, has found Sainsburys to have the most influence on social media of any UK retailer (Briggs, 2014). This suggests that the way in which Sainsburys are using social media is extremely successful (Boyd, 2014) and the following section looks at three of the determining key factors of this. Firstly Sainsburys have partnered with a social media crisis management specialist Conversocial (Joeseph, 2013) in order to rapidly identify consumer issues on social media. This software is extremely useful to provide overviews during wide-scale crisis such as the horsegate scandal when horse meat was found in products in UK supermarkets including Sainsburys (BBC, 2013), but also for providing excellent customer service to dissatisfied customers. Due to the dynamic and public nature of social media dissatisfied customers now have the tools to be heard by millions and seriously damage a brands reputation (Gillian, 2007), but thi s also presents an opportunity for a firm to publically showcase their excellent customer service and improve their brand. Tax, Brown, and Chandrashekaran (1998) found that customer service which left a dissatisfied customer feeling satisfied actually improved a brand image further than if they had been satisfied with the original service they received. Conversocials software allows Sainsburys to pull all social media activity regarding them into one stream, theoretically giving the ability to respond to any comment within 45 minutes. This not only gives them the ability to respond to large issues (such as the horsegate scandal) but also listen to individual customers issues and respond to them efficiently in the public domain, not only improving their brand with that individual customer, but with the wider audience. An example of a customer response by Sainsburys which went viral was a humorous response to a letter from a 3 year old girl regarding the name of one of their products. The exchange received more than 14,000 shares on social media sites, and resulted in Sainsburys renaming their product due to popular demand (Sheriff, 2013), resultantly receiving positive nationwide brand exposure due to coverage by the BBC (BBC 2013). Secondly Sainsburys have not merely adopted usage of existing social media channels, but have been proactive about creating two of their own TrolleyTalk and Yammer. TrolleyTalk allows Sainsburys the opportunity to not only dictate the marketing message they wish to portray, but also to shape the conversation happening between consumers (Mangold and Faulds, 2009), allowing Sainsburys to positively influence consumer brand perception. On their website Sainsburys claim this platform gives them the opportunity to reach approximately 4,000 people per week and gain rich insight on issues which concern customers and take immediate and effective action. The example they give is that during the recent UK supermarket price war on milk, co nsumers were becoming increasingly concerned with the negative effect on dairy farmers. Resultant of identifying this issue on the platform TrolleyTalk, Sainsburys took the initiative to advertise that they pay their dairy farmers a higher rate than their competitors (Sainsburys, 2015b). A study by Millward Brown digital cited in Sarner et al, (2011) found that brands which have online communities drove up to 12 times the traffic and made double the amount of online sales conversion than brands which solely used existing social channels. The final key strength of Sainsburys social media marketing is the high level of cross platform cohesiveness in the message they deliver. Their YouTube, Facebook and Twitter accounts all primarily generate food and recipe based content, and appear to be used for customer service. This cohesiveness avoids any confusion which can be caused by conflicting messages across different platforms (Mangold and Faulds, 2009). Weaknesses of Sainsburys social media strategy Bull (2012) argues the case for brand journalism, and states that all communication by a firm must be consistent with their core values. While Sainsburys social media marketing strategy has a high level of cross platform congruency, it does not fully match up with their overall business strategy written on their website Our strategy: We know our customers better than anyone else. We will be there whenever and wherever they need us, offering great products and services at fair prices. Our colleagues make the difference, our values make us different. (Sainsburys, 2015c). While TrolleyTalk arguably provides them with a great opportunity to get to know their customers better, and Conversocial allows Sainsburys to efficiently engage with customers who require attention, Sainsburys social media has very little emphasis on promoting the values which they claim differentiate them. Sainsburys main twitter account very rarely if at all mentions the distinguishing corporate values upon whic h their strategy is based. They have a twitter account @sainsburysnews (twitter, 2015b) which provides updates on these sorts of issues, and despite having 10 times less followers, the posts on this account have a similar level of engagement to that of the main account @sainsburys. This points towards this content being far more engaging for consumers than what is currently being promoted on the main page. Sainsburys have four twitter accounts, which on average tweet 4 times per day each. Rowles (2014) suggests that the optimum amount of times for a brand to tweet is four per day, in order to prevent clogging up users feeds. While each individual Sainsburys account adheres to this basic principle, if a customer has subscribed to more than one of the accounts they will receive far more, up to four times the recommended amount of contact, which could prove invasive for consumers and make them unsubscribe from one or more accounts, regardless of whether they found the content engagi ng. If Sainsburys were to reduce the number of accounts they have on each platform it is possible Sainsburys would receive a higher level of social media engagement as well as reaching a larger audience (Singh, Veron-Jackson and Cullinane, 2008). This would give higher visibility to content regarding Sainsburys core values and the recent partnership with Argos digital which is being integrated into selected stores, maximising the impact of their competitive advantage on both fronts. While Sainsburys has recently adopted the use of an ESM platform called Yammer, it only has 10,000 users (Brooks, 2015). Sainsburys currently has 160,500 employees (Marketline Advantage, 2015) which highlights the small extent to which ESM is being used by Sainsburys. ESM can improve internal communications between the workforce and be used to promote the brand internally, and be used as a tool to manage the psychological contract (Mazzei, 2010) and as such this represents a missed opportunity. This w eakness ties in with the final one which will be discussed, which is the lack of visibility by the CEO on social media. Currently the CEO of Sainsburys Mike Coupe has a distinct lack of personal visibility on social media. Dutta (2010) found there to be three main benefits of a firms CEO having a notable social media presence. Firstly social media both internal and external, aids an executive in engaging with important contacts. It allows them to strengthen relationships or personify the companys support for a cause which adds credibility. Secondly the CEO can use social media to engage employees internally, enabling the CEO to increase his personal support through high internal visibility, which leads onto the third benefit which is learning. By having a higher profile within the company and being open to learn a CEO can gain feedback on any large scale changes from the workforce, which can lead to strategic changes having lower levels of opposition making them easier to impleme nt and in turn reduce staff turnover, an opportunity Coupe is currently not exploiting. Recommendations for improvement The following recommendations are resultant of the above analysis. It is recommended Sainsburys merge their @sainsburys and @sainsburysnews twitter accounts, providing half of the original content from each. This will allow them to promote their brand values to a much wider audience, and reduce the chance of excessive contact becoming invasive. In line with Rowles (2014) it is recommended they continue to tweet 4 times per day, only if they have content which they believe is worthwhile and will be of interest to their audience. It is recommended that Sainsburys advance efforts to increase participation on the internal social media platform Yama. A SWOT analysis conducted by Marketline Advantage (2015) found that the major threat to Sainsburys is the rising labour costs in the UK. As a result it is recommended that internal marketing and branding can be used in order to improve the psychological contract and resultantly raise employee retention (Mazzei, 2010). This will help to address the threat caused by rising labour costs by reducing recruitment and training costs associated with taking on new staff. It is recommended that the CEO of Sainsburys Mike Coupe starts to become an active user on both internal and external social media platforms. Internally high CEO visibility and approachability will go some way to improving the perception Sainsburys workforce has of its employer and will help to reduce staff turnover. It is recommended Coupe uses external social media to promote Sainsburys core brand values. If done strategically he can be used to personify the ethical values held by the company and strengthen the support the British public have of these values. This will not only make their campaigns further reaching, but it will also improve their credibility (Dutta, 2010). References BBC. (2013a). QA: Horsemeat scandal. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21335872 BBC. (2013b). Tiger bread renamed giraffe bread by Sainsburys. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16812545 Books, B. (2015). Sainsburys introduces Yammer social network for staff. Available: https://m.thegrocer.co.uk/people/people-news/sainsburys-introduces-yammer-social-network-for-staff/513910.article Boyd, L. (2014). Social Media. In: Jones, D Brand Fammous. Cornwall: Capstone. 1-287. Briggs, F. (2014). Sainsburys is most socially influential UK retail brand, new ranking finds. Available: https://www.retailtimes.co.uk/sainsburys-socially-influential-uk-retail-brand-new-ranking-finds/ Bull, A (2012). Brand Journalism. Abbingdon: Routledge. 1-322. Gillian, P. (2007). In: The new influencers: A marketers guide to the new social media.. Sanger: Quill driver books Joeseph, S. (2013). Sainsburys launches bid to drive social customer service. Available: https://www.ma rketingweek.com/2013/09/23/sainsburys-launches-bid-to-drive-social-customer-service/ Kaplan, A. and Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizens. 53 (1), 59-68. Oreilly, T. (2007). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. Communications strategies, (1), 17. Oxford Dictionary. (2015). Social Media. Available: https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/social-media Leonardi, P. Huysman, M and Steinfield, C. (2013). Enterprise Social Media: Definition, History, and Prospects for the Study of Social Technologies in Organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 19 (1), 1-19. Mangold, W and Faulds, D. (2009). Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business Horizens. 52 (1), 357-365. Marketline Advantage. (2015). J Sainsbury PLC. A company profile. Mazzei, A. (2010). Promoting active communication behaviour s through internal communication.. Corporate Communications: An International Journal . 15 (3), 221-234. Piskorski, M. J. (2011). Social strategies that work. Harvard Business Review, 89(11), 116-122. Rowles, D (2014). Digital Branding: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide to Strategy, Tactics and Measurement. London: Kougan page. 1-300. Sainsburys. (2015a). Social Media. Available: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/media/social-media/ Sainsburys. (2015b). We know our customers better than anyone else. Available: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/about-us/business-strategy-and-objectives/we-know-our-customers/ Sainsburys. (2015c).. (2015). Business strategy and objectives . Available: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/about-us/business-strategy-and-objectives/ Sarner, A., Thompson, J. D., Drakos, N., Fletcher, C., Mann, J., Maoz, M. . (2011). Magic quadrant for social CRM. Gartner, Stamford. Singh, T., Veron-Jackson, L., Cullinane, J.. (2008). Blogging: A new play in your market ing game plan. Business Horizens. 51 (4), 281-292. Sherriff, L. (2013). Sainsburys Letter Tiger Bread Giraffe Bread Makes Lily Robinson And Chris King Internet Sensations. Available: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/25/sainsburys-letter-tiger-bread-giraffe-bread-lily-robinson-chris-king_n_1230595.html Tax, S., Brown, W., and Chandrashekaran, M. . (1998). Customer evaluations of service complaint experiences: implications for relationship marketing. The Journal of Marketing., 67-70. Trolley Talk. (2015). Welcome. Available: https://www.trolleytalk.co.uk/Portal/default.aspx Twitter. (2015a). @Sainsburys. Available: https://twitter.com/Sainsburys Twitter. (2015b). @sainsburysnews. Available: https://twitter.com/SainsburysNews?ref_src=twsrc^google|twcamp^serp|twgr^author

Addiction Free Essays

Introduction: In the current world, we have had various issues that have come out due to the technological development that has been experienced in the world during the previous century. The world has recorded tremendous technological development in the recent past and this has come up with various challenges despite the good aspects that have come with the developments. The advancement in technology has presented a new challenge in the name of technological addiction which needs to be categorized as a real disorder more like any other addiction disorders including drug addiction, gambling and alcohol. We will write a custom essay sample on Addiction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technology addiction has become a major issue in the modern world which manifests itself in many ways including problematic use of the internet. This paper shall examine technology addiction as a real disorder which requires medical attention just like many other medical issues and not as a failure of character as it has been regarded for a long time. Technology Addiction: Technology addiction is not a new concept per se; television, radio, and telephones have been with us for a long period of time. Technology has resulted into various objects that have altered our behaviors in one way or another. Video games for instance have resulted into addictions where individuals spent more time playing the video games and would not want to abandon their acquired habits. Dr. Ivan Goldberg coined the ‘Internet Addiction Disorder’ in the year 1995 ensuing unending debate as to whether technology addiction could be regarded as a mental problem or not (Wells, 2007). Previously, it was thought that technology addiction was a domain that concerned young people. However, demographic surveys reveal that technology addiction is not a preserve of young individuals as it cuts across all ages and gender. Problematic internet use for instance is said to affect all age groups, social classes with no respect to race, education level, income level, and gender (Young, 1998). Due to the technological advancement and the way it has traversed the lives of many individuals in virtually all aspects of their lives, the people risks overexposure to the new advances regardless of age. Most individuals become addicted to the technology in various manners which includes the â€Å"cell phone, video games, PDAs and the internet† (LeClaire, 2009, para 1). Technology addiction has been overlooked by the respective medical professionals in the field of mental health which deals with mental problems including addiction. In the newly released manual, ‘The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, technology addiction was avoided and therefore not recognized as a mental disorder (Guy, 2008). Technology Addiction a real disorder: The surge in technological advancement has made various technological gadgets available for the people of all ages. Cell phones and computers have taken the world by storm and virtually anyone has access to these gadgets and many others. The technology that has come up may be misused or may affect the individual in a negative manner. Overuse of the technological gadgets like the computers and the cell phones may have negative impacts on the individuals (Parenting Teens Blog, 2008). Technology addiction is therefore a real problem that requires attention more like any other form of addiction. Technology addiction as reported in a survey on its effects on school children is disastrous. The research revealed that children are addicted to cell phones in various ways and that about 40 percent of these children admitted that the text messaging had impacted on their language use due to the internet slang thereby affecting their spelling negatively. Video games also impact negatively on the children as the research reveal that such children become anti-social. Such children were found to distance themselves and they are more likely to thrive in a fantasy. A child who is always playing an online game is likely of being docile and passive and become an aggressive individual. There are various types of technology addiction but the internet is the most profound. The impacts on the children are that such addiction has significance on the personality of the child (Parenting Teens Blog, 2008). Technology addiction is here with us and there is need for curative and preventive measures to be adopted to save the world from its bad consequences. In various parts of the world, some measures have been adopted to help deal with the problem and they include clinics which charges expensively for their programs which may last for a month and include exercising and reading of books. However, there is no regulation on how to deal with the problem due to the fact that technology addiction is yet to be officially accepted by the medical professionals (Guy, 2008). Conclusion: Technology addiction has to be looked at as a real disorder that if left unchecked shall affect the people in a bad way. Though there is need to let the children access technology since it holds the future of the world; boundaries needs to be established to safeguard the technology usage. This calls for the need to monitor the child’s accessibility to the internet and other technological devices. The young people who are left unchecked on their technology usage stand a high risk of identity theft. It must be noted that children might not realize the importance of keeping private information secret. If technology addiction is not recognized as a major problem in the society today, then humans stand to loose not only on the moral ground but social as well. Reference: Guy, G., (2008). Technology Addiction? Retrieved on 26th July 2010 from; http://www.efa.org.au/2010/04/28/technology-addiction/. LeClaire, J., (2009). Personal Tech Addiction Snares Teens, Adults. Retrieved on 26th July 2010 from; http://www.technewsworld.com/story/53102.html. Parenting Teens Blog, (2008). Teen Technology Addiction. Retrieved on 26th July 2010 from; http://parentingteens.com/blog/460/teen-technology-addiction/. Wells, T., (2007). Addicted to Technology? Retrieved on 26th July 2010 from; http://www.devhardware.com/c/a/Opinions/Addicted-to-Technology/ Young, K. S. (1998). Caught in the Net.   New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. How to cite Addiction, Essay examples Addiction Free Essays

Ella Baker Essay Example For Students

Ella Baker Essay Ella BakerElla Josephine Baker was born in Virginia, and at the age of seven Ella Baker moved with her family to Littleton, South Carolina, where they settled on her grandparents farmland her grandparents had worked as slaves. Ella Bakers early life was steeped in Southern black culture. Her most vivid childhood memories were of the strong traditions of self-help, mutual cooperation, and sharing of economic resources that encompassed her entire community. Because there was no local secondary school, in 1918, when Ella was fifteen years old, her parents sent her to Shaw boarding school in Raleigh, the high school academy of Shaw University. Ella excelled academically at Shaw, graduating as valedictorian of her college class from Shaw University in Raleigh in 1927. After her graduation from Shaw University, Baker migrated to New York City on the eve of the Great Depression, determined to find an outlet for her intellectual curiosity and growing compassion for social justice. She was deeply moved by the terrible conditions she witnessed on the streets of Harlem during the 1930s; scenes of poverty, hunger, and desperation. The first political organization she joined after moving to Harlem was the Young Negroes Cooperative League (YNCL), founded by writer George Schuyler in December 1930. The expressed purpose of the group was to gain economic power through consumer cooperation. The YNCL was headquartered in New York City. In 1931 Baker was elected to serve as the groups first national director. Another important experience that helped to shape Bakers evolving political consciousness during the Depression was her employment with the Workers Education Project (WEP) of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a program designed to equip workers with basic literacy skills and to educate them about topics of concern to members of the work force. During the 1930s, Baker also began to grapple with the issue of womens equality and her own identity as an African-American woman. She supported and worked with various womens groups, such as the Womens Day Workers and Industrial League, a union for domestic workers ; the Harlem Housewives Cooperative; and the Harlem YWCA. Baker refused to be relegated to a separate womans sphere, either personally or politically. She often participated, without reservation, in meetings where she was the only woman present, and many of her closest political allies over the years were men. Similarly, in her personal life Baker refused to comply with prevailing social norms about womens place or womens behavior. When she married her longtime friend, T. J. Roberts, in the late 1930s, the marriage was anything but conventional, which typified her rebellious spirit. Baker never assumed her husbands name, an unusual act of independence in those days. Also, even though she was married for over a decade, she never framed her identity as a woman around that of her husband and apparently never allowed domestic obligations to interfere with her principal passion, which was politics. While in Harlem in the 1930s, Baker also worked as a reporter and editor for a variety of publications, including the West Indian News and the National News, a short-lived publication run by her close friend George Schuyler. In 1935 she coauthored an investigative article that exposed the plight of African-American domestic workers in New York during the Depression, which was published in the Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP. Among her political friends and associates in Harlem during this period were labor leader A. Philip Randolph, Lester Granger of the National Urban League, Communist Party lawyer Conrad Lynn, and George Schuyler. The next important phase of Bakers political career, which further solidified her evolving views of political struggle and social change, was the beginning of her involvement in the NAACP in 1940. Throughout her relationship with the NAACP, first as a field secretary and later as director of branches (194346), Baker remained on the staff of the NAACP until 1946, when, fed up with bureaucratic structure of the organization and its legalistic strategy for social change, she resigned as director of branches. Another factor that influenced her resignation was the added responsibilities she assumed when she took custody of her nine-year-old niece, Jackie. Baker continued to work with the NAACP in a volunteer capacity as the president of the New York branch, the

Reading Between the Lines Avoiding Communication Breakdowns in the Creative Process - The Writers For Hire

READING BETWEEN THE LINES: AVOIDING COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS IN THE CREATIVE PROCESS If there’s one thing that drives a project forward while keeping everyone working toward the same goals, it’s good communication. At some point or another, all agencies encounter communication breakdowns. You think a project is moving along beautifully only for it to hit a sudden stall as you come up against an (occasionally angry) brick wall. When good projects go bad, it can lead to reduced productivity, duplication of work, costly misunderstandings, and considerable financial damage. Just think about these statistics: Only 2.5% of companies successfully complete 100% of their projects on time, within budget, and to scope; and 57% of projects fail due to a breakdown in communication. To sidestep these familiar traps, it is essential for businesses to be sure they are on the same page as their clients. So how do you avoid these potential difficulties and make sure that open communication channels are maintained? To find out, we interviewed four experts, each of whom have vast experience in project management and client liaisons. We discovered the key to great communication is to optimize communication at any point where it has potential to break down: that is the beginning, middle, and end. And yes, that means the whole project. THE BEGINNING It’s worth keeping in mind that sometimes, people are just poor at communicating. We all have our strengths after all – and if you are working with the CTO, his expertise is likely in technology, not conveying creative concepts.Tweet this In instances where it is difficult for the client to articulate what it is they don’t like about something, remember that â€Å"the project† can be an abstract concept for some people until they see it. Richard Woods, finalist in The Apprentice UK and CEO of Yomp Marketing, says it’s important to ask the right questions, but â€Å"usually the reason the client doesn’t like something is because they haven’t given enough thought to what they want. All they know is, when they hear something which doesn’t sound or look like what they are trying to achieve, they don’t like it.† To work this out, editor Erin Larson says that it’s key to â€Å"find out what the client particularly likes AND dislikes. Having them provide concrete examples gives you a good idea of their desired direction.† Getting the project off on the right foot ensures that the rest of the process runs smoothly. Four simple yet often-overlooked steps can keep this part of the procedure as solid as possible. 1. Pick up the phone While email can be an effective communication tool, never underestimate the power of picking up the phone, particularly at the beginning of a project. Spending time getting to know the client and particularly what they are hoping to achieve will steer the project away from potential surprises. â€Å"Our kick-off calls are integral to getting our projects off to a solid start† says copywriter Barbara Adams. â€Å"We can make sure we understand the client’s goals and expectations, get a grasp on how much research we’ll have to do, and get to know each other’s personalities and style. It’s a low-risk, high-reward introduction to working together.† Woods says there are three equally essential ingredients for good client management: Communication Relationship Getting the work done Having these three components in place ensures that your project runs as smoothly as possible. All parties are on the same page from the beginning, which helps to avoid any communication breakdowns further along the line. Woods actively encourages staff to pick up the phone to clients, as regular calls throughout the project solidify these three elements, helping to build trust and develop rapport vital for a smooth process. â€Å"If you do the work but you don’t have a relationship with the client, they will find it very hard to see your vision,† says Woods. â€Å"The process will also fail if you have a relationship but you are not communicating, similarly if you are communicating but not getting the work done.† 2. Send a summary Following up phone calls with an email summarizing your understanding of the conversation is a good way to reiterate the points raised and ensure that everyone is on the same page. Always remember to check the tone of the email to make sure it is aligned with the conversation and goals of the project. It’s also a good idea to send your email to everyone involved in the project to keep all team members up to date. Larson says, â€Å"Many clients don’t CC which means that if it’s a team-based project, only one member of the editorial team hears from the client. Pay close attention that everyone on the team gets all the correspondence.† Many agencies send creative briefs to their clients as a way of summarizing their understanding of the initial stage. These briefs usually contain an overview of the project, which identifies the marketing problem, the goal of the campaign, the target audience, and a detailed schedule for completion of the various stages. Creative briefs allow you to delve deeper into the project at the initial stage by undertaking preliminary research to assist you and your team further down the line. 3. Teach them how to work with you. Working with writers is often a new experience for clients. When they see something they don’t like, they are often unsure how to provide the very thing the project needs most to succeed: constructive feedback. Remember that any feeling of uncertainly on the client side can quickly turn to frustration and project-related stress. Preempt this situation by clearly laying out what to expect on your first call. First, tell your client that edits are normal and part of the writing process. Second, explain how to give feedback. Larson suggests small feedback be provided on the document, using track changes. When it comes to larger feedback, she has a different process, â€Å"When a client has major changes, it’s very hard for them to clearly express what is wrong in an email or on-document. Strongly encourage them to call you and explain any big-picture comments.† Third, it can be a good idea to let your client know that proofreading is completed on the final Some clients can get overly concerned if they see a typo on document, but it’s inefficient to do a thorough proofing on every version. A small preparatory comment can help put an occasional mid-draft typo in perspective. Finally, walk them through the next steps. Every writer will likely have their own processes. Let the client know what those are. For example, Woods outlines an 11-step process that precisely details how the project will be managed at each stage. This gives the client something to refer to if they are unsure of what is going to happen next, as well and provides a solid foundation for the management of the project. 4. Plan around your client’s schedule Having a good understanding of your client’s schedule means you can be smart about keeping to deadlines and schedules. Does your client have any regular commitments which could obstruct your planned weekly check-ins? Will there be specific times of the day which are not suitable for contacting the client due to school runs or meetings? Are there any planned absences you need to take into consideration, such as extended vacations? Woods says his company learned the importance of knowing schedules the hard way after one client went away for a month without undertaking any of the necessary sign-offs before they left. â€Å"We had no choice but to make presumptions about what the client wanted, some of which turned out to be wrong; this in turn created a strain on the relationship. We’ve learned that having foresight of client trips is essential in managing the process and ensuring everything is done before they go.† THE MIDDLE Getting a solid foundation in place at the very beginning will get the relationship off to good start, but communication can still break down halfway through if you don’t work proactively to keep everyone on the same page. Our experts shared a few tips on how to keep information flowing and clients informed: 1.Use a collaborative project management system Whether you use Googledocs, Excel spreadsheets, Wrike, or internal software, joint project management systems not only help promote productivity and task ownership among team members, but also enable everyone to keep track of the progress of a project. They also come with the additional bonus of allowing colleagues to pick up a project in your absence. 2. Schedule recurring meetings Pre-booking a standing monthly, or weekly, check-in with your client is a great way for both of you to keep track of the project. While emails and phone calls are good for keeping in touch, face-to-face meetings instill a sense of control in the client and provide them with a solid opportunity to speak up if they are unsure of where the project is heading. This also gives you the chance to demonstrate your commitment to the project by really listening to what the client says. After all, they are the ones with the information you need to do the job effectively. Take comprehensive notes of the meeting, including not just what was said and agreed, but also what was implied. After each meeting, remember to share these notes with all internal and client teams. This will give both parties something to fall back on in the event of a breakdown in communication. 3. Think like a client While it can be frustrating to play the waiting game with clients, it’s important to remember that, most of the time, they have delegated something to you because they are busy. Your project may be one of many other projects, so try to have empathy and avoid jumping to assumptions when a client doesn’t respond. Adams says, â€Å"There’s a fine line, I think, between excellent customer service and being an outright pest. I’ve had clients take weeks to respond to an email or call, and I’ve had to keep gently reminding them I’m out here, waiting (and waiting and waiting). It helps that I was on the client side for many years. I realize that radio silence doesn’t mean the project is off or the client is unhappy. Sometimes priorities change.† Channeling your inner client or drawing on your own previous experiences as a client, if possible will form your approach to the management of the project, but keep in mind that you may need to look at re-negotiating deadlines so you can complete the work to the client’s standard. THE END Sometimes, even with every management system and scheduled meeting in place, issues that compromise the completion of a project can still arise. Sometimes clients are managing multiple priorities at work, meaning that although you may have spent three hours elegantly reporting a vital sign-off stage, they had no more than five minutes to review it. Things you thought they approved, they simply didn’t look at, or maybe you didn’t explain your work product well enough. Whatever the reason, finding out at the last minute that the client is unhappy with the final product can be a tricky situation to manage. Planning ahead for this by setting aside a â€Å"buffer zone† of time toward the end of the project is a great way to manage any surprises. Referring to the three main ingredients for good management of a project, Woods says that, at this point, it’s good to bring the relationship aspect forward and think about making concessions, while also bringing their attention to the importance of staying informed about the project in future, as â€Å"this type of scenario really tests how good your relationship is with the client.† If you do end up with an irate client, says Larson, do not attempt to address the situation via email. Get them on the phone – no matter how uncomfortable you may feel with the situation. A few tips for that conversation: Do not get defensive. Do not try too hard to explain how you ended up where you did. Deal with the current situation and the solution. Don’t dredge up the project history, which can lead to useless finger pointing, and will not lead to a positive outcome. Explain that you both want the same thing, and that you will help make that happen. No matter how large the rewrite (or how frustrating), listen to what the client is saying with an open-mind, so you can clearly ascertain what exactly the client is looking for. If a rewrite is in order, suck it up, and rewrite it. Don’t try to salvage your favorite lines. Start with a fresh sheet of paper. Finally, Be Yourself Ultimately, your client’s perception of you can impact on how they feel about your work. While great communication can always be learned, it is the fundamental authenticity of your character which builds your client’s trust in you and generates repeat business. Equestrian journalist and HorseHour podcaster Amy Stevenson, says that maintaining professionalism is vital, but it’s also worth letting your personality come through if you want to continue working together. â€Å"Engaging and connecting with your client is the best way to build a solid foundation for keeping them in the future.† Open up a little and get to know your client on a personal level. Who knows, it could mean the start of a long and happy collaboration.

Thomas Jefferson Out-federalized the Federalists essays

Thomas Jefferson Out-federalized the Federalists essays During the time surrounding the ratification of the constitution, Thomas Jefferson was quite possibly the most pronounced and respected Democratic-Republican. His strict opposition of an overly industrious America, coupled with his fear of a tyrannical government, illustrated Jeffersons purely Republican views. However, during his presidency, his actions didnt always mirror his ideals. Turning towards Federalist views to solve some of the major problems occurring during his reign, Jefferson actually ended up Out-federalizing the Federalists. These Federalist views started to become evident even before Jefferson was elected president. In 1776, he designed and composed a Constitution for the state of Virginia. The plan included an effective system of checks and balances, including a lower house which was to be elected by the people, and a senate which was to be elected by the members of the house. When a different constitution was chosen, his criticisms emulated that of a strict federalist. Jefferson complained that the chosen system lacked a good system of checks. His reasoning was that the senate and house were both chosen by voters, thus making them too alike. This is when Jefferson concluded that the government, even when chosen by the people, still had too much power(Madaras and SoRelle 179). Perhaps the most prevalent shift of views occurred with the Louisiana Purchase. When Napoleon and the French signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso they regained title to Louisiana from the Spanish. Jeffersons initial feelings towards this movement were those of excitement because of his admiration and support of the French. These notions quickly and drastically changed when he realized that whoever inhabited New Orleans was, by sheer geographical location, Americas enemy. This area was the outlet where all of the produce of the western region of America left the country and traveled to markets a...

Operational Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operational Research - Essay Example The numerous techniques of operations research include mathematical optimization, statistical analysis and mathematical simulation. Because of their capability to assist in decision making, operations research techniques are more often employed in manufacturing companies. These techniques have been employed to determine the most suitable places to locate new facilities such as a factory or a warehouse, identifying appropriate development paths for sections of the telecommunications. One of the most applied operations research techniques is linear programming. The use of linear programming was first proposed in 1951 to institute least-cost mixtures of livestock rations and food stuffs. This linear program reduces the expense of the mixture while some identified levels of nutritional necessities symbolize the model’s constraints. Additionally, in 1954, linear programming was proposed as a way of solving crop rotation problems (Hayashi, 2007: 21). In this case, the objective func tion symbolizes the gross margin linked to the cropping pattern while constraints link to the accessibility of capital such as land, machinery, and working capital. The idea of the use of linear programming has been used extensively in planning and managing agricultural resources on a farm. Extension of linear programming engross binary and integer platforms for applications in which it is not reasonable to allocate incessant values to the decision variables, for instance, the number of tractors and labour workers. The inter-temporality essential to many agricultural resolutions, particularly those entailing perennial crops, has necessitated the use of multi-period models. Risk and uncertainty calls for methods such as dynamic programming, Markov chains and Monte Carlo Simulation (Cheema, 2005: 43). Brazil is a huge producer of sugarcane, alcohol fuel and sugar. In order to keep the production

The Role of Women in Australian Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The Role of Women in Australian Society - Essay Example Finally, she has seen a period where she has entered the labor force, therefore has money of her own, and this, in turn, has made her less beholden to the man she married. This is where the current state of woman is, and it has resulted in a high failure rate for marriages. This paper will examine how the roles of women have changed in Australian society, both in and outside of marriage, and how these roles have affected marriage and divorces in the last century. The largest change for women, in the realm of marriage, is the fact that patriarchy has shifted. For instance, one may view the movie The Piano for an example of how things used to be for women in Australia and New Zealand. In The Piano, the woman in the marriage was in the marriage because it was arranged, and, although it was evident that the main character, Ada, had a husband who wanted a â€Å"real† marriage, this never manifested. It was quite simply obvious that Alistair, the husband in this scenario, saw Ada as a way to bolster his social standing and really nothing more (The Piano). The Piano reflects a time in Australian history, indeed, in the history of the world, where women were regarded as property, and, because of this, fathers were able to force their daughters into loveless marriages. This reflects the standing of women in general during the 1850s. While The Piano reflects a time during the 19th Century, this paper will deal with the changing status of women during the 20th Century, but it is a helpful touchstone nonetheless.

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay The general prohibition on the use of force contained in Article 2(4)  [1]  of the UN Charter forms a cornerstone of public international law. That prohibition is subject to a very narrow category of exceptions, all of which arise from the right to self-defence codified in Article 51 of the UN Charter.  [2]  A more controversial exception to the use of force that has been claimed to arise as a rule of customary international law is that of humanitarian intervention. This essay looks at the arguments in support of the proposition that humanitarian intervention is now established in international law as a lawful exception to the general prohibition on the use of force and assertions against such a proposition. The theoretical debate Ever since the question of the legality of humanitarian intervention first arose, there has been both vocal support and opposition to it. Lauterpacht famously put forward the rationale behind humanitarian intervention. He stated that one had to go back to the purpose of the general prohibition on the use of force, and that was to ensure peace. He considered that ultimately, peace is more endangered by tyrannical contempt for human rights than by attempts to assert, through intervention, the sanctity of human personality.  [3]  He thus considered that humanitarian intervention was justified if a state committed atrocities against its citizens in such a way and to such a degree that it interfered with those citizens fundamental human rights. However, it has always been appreciated that there are problems with the very idea that a state would expend its own resources and risk its own security simply for the good of the citizens of another state. Such a view might be considered to be cynical, but there is no doubt that history has shown that whenever humanitarian intervention is claimed as the legal basis for military force in another country, it is mixed with other reasons why a state would military intervene in another state.  [4]  Furthermore, humanitarian intervention is often put forward as a basis for legality of force without the citizens of the state who have suffered the intervention asking for such intervention to take place.  [5]  One can therefore question the theoretical underpinnings of such intervention. This problem is only exacerbated when one considers that humanitarian intervention is intervention that is undertaken by states on a unilateral basis outside of the precepts of the Security Council. The purpose of setting up the United Nations and the Security Council was to provide for peace throughout the world and engage in military intervention when required, as authorised by the Security Council. The Security Council is thus authorised with powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter that allows it to authorise military use of force in another country. In doing so, the Security Council is able to take into account the fact that a particular country is facing human rights violations at the hands of its government and/or leaders.  [6]  Thus for example, in 1991, when the oppressive government of Iraq being led by Saddam Hussein took disproportionate military action to repress the Iraqi civilian population, the Security Council passed Resolution 668 under Chapter 7 of the UN Cha rter demanding of Iraq to immediately end the repression and insist that it allowed access to international humanitarian organisations to enter Iraq.  [7]   Any force authorised by the Security Council may be politically contentious, but there is no doubt that it would be lawful under the rules of force in international law. Given that there is such a power in the Security Council, one would question why there was a need for humanitarian intervention.  [8]  Indeed, providing that there is a right for humanitarian intervention available to states that can be exercised independently of the UN and the Security Council would greatly undermine the function of the Security Council as the body entrusted with authorisation of military force.  [9]   Humanitarian intervention is thus a doctrine which has long been debated in the courts. The real debate lies however in the practical instances that have arisen in the past where humanitarian intervention has been alleged as a justification of force. The section below shall go on to analyse these practical instances and asses to what extent humanitarian intervention can be said to now be a norm of international law. Practical instances of humanitarian intervention One major problem that arises when assessing the legality of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention is that one must distinguish between instances where the doctrine is invoked in rhetoric and public relations only and instanced where humanitarian intervention is actually relied on as a legal basis for justifying use of force in another state. The latter is a lot rarer than the former. The problem however is that it is only the latter incidents that is actually evidence of state practise of the right to humanitarian intervention. One of the earliest incidents to deal with the concept of humanitarian intervention commented on by commentators was that of Indian action in Bangladesh. In early 1971, following subjugation to Pakistani rule, Bangladeshi nationals were rebelling and seeking to establish Bangladesh as an independent country. India provided extensive military aid to Bangladesh to allow this to happen, aid without which arguably Bangladesh would not have won the conflict. In public theoretic, India stated thats is actions were based on humanitarian intervention since the Bangladeshis were suffering human rights violations under Pakistani rule.  [10]  This was highly criticised however for the fact was that India in having long-standing conflict with Pakistan itself did have vested interests in helping Bangladesh gain independence.  [11]  Indeed, India did not go on to utilise humanitarian intervention as a legal basis for its action and sought to rely on the doctrine of self-defence instead.  [12]   This pattern was repeated in many more incidents that occurred. Tanzania intervened militarily in Uganda in 1979 to enable rebels there to overthrow the repressive leader Idi Amin.  [13]  In 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia stating that it wished to prevent Cambodia from suffering at the hands of its government. Both stated that they wished to help the citizens of the respective countries they intervened in. This was however continuously rejected by the international community, with France and the US specifically stating that human rights violations did not justify the use of force, thus clearly indicating that it was not accepted at that time that humanitarian intervention was considered to be a legal basis for intervention.  [14]   Chronologically, the next major incident of humanitarian intervention that took place was that of Australian intervention in East Timor. Rebels in East Timor seeking to establish it as in independent country were facing repression from the state of Indonesia resisting independence. Human rights violations in the situation ensued resulting in several UN Resolutions calling for peace and eventually in a UN referendum, the results of which indicated that the majority of people wished for independence. The Australian government thus took the lead in providing military assistance to East Timor to repel Indonesian presence and establish an independent state.  [15]  In doing so, the Australian government expressly relied on the right to humanitarian intervention.What must be pointed out however is that the UN was involved in that situation, and most commentators regard that the intervention in East Timor is more akin to an incident where the UN regulates force for purposes of humanitari an intervention rather than when the right is employed unilaterally by a state.  [16]  Thus, the intervention in East Timor was seen to be highly similar to the US intervention in Somalia in 1992 which had been acted upon only after the UN had specifically called for humanitarian intervention.  [17]   Perhaps the most famous incident of humanitarian intervention was that in Kosovo. Kosovo, now an independent country, used to be part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and consisted of a mix of ethnicities, with 90% being ethnical Albanians and the minority being Serbians. In the 1990s the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia started to break up with each different country announcing its independence. The state of Kosovo also suggested breaking off from the FRY, to regain the independence Kosovo once had before Yugoslavia was established in the first place. This was met by much resistance from the Serbians both in Serbia and in Kosovo. A regime of ethnic cleansing of the Albanians in Kosovo started to prevent the calls and efforts by those peoples to make Kosovo an independent country and one of the worlds worst conflicts started, with human rights violations reaching epidemic proportions.  [18]   This matter was brought to the attention of the Security Council, and on 31 March 1998 it adopted Resolution 1160,  [19]  which imposed an arms embargo on the FRY and called for it to work with the Kosovar Albanians to achieve a peaceful solution to the matter. Following this however the violence in Kosovo only intensified and Resolution 1199 was adopted which determined that the situation in Kosovo amounted to a threat to peace and security in the region.  [20]  The problem was however the presence of the veto in the Security Council. Every permanent member of the Security Council has the right to veto any Security Council resolutions made. Russia being a major part of the former Soviet Union that existed was highly reluctant to take any action further to the two resolutions already adopted against the FRY and indicated that it would use its veto if any resolution were attempted to be passed which authorised military measures to be taken against the FRY. There was little cha nce that the Security Council would therefore be able to take action in response to the situation that was ongoing in Kosovo.  [21]   As a result of this, NATO states came together to discuss military intervention in Kosovo. NATO declared that the FRY had not complied with Resolution 1199 and that NATO would therefore institute military action against Russia. Extensive military action was undertaken via an aerial campaign, attacking FRY forces both in Kosovo and in the FRY itself to attempt to stop the attacks that were taking place against Kosovo. The campaign commenced ion 23 March 1999 and did not end several months later, on 10 June 1999 when the FRY forces agreed to a case-fire and signed the military-technical agreement with NATO on 9 June 1999.  [22]   There was no doubt that the military action undertaken by NATO had been successful in bringing peace to the region. Despite the fact that there was no apparent basis at the time for military action, there was no international objection to the force used (other than by the states to whom the military action was targeted against). It was apparently accepted that the action undertaken by NATO was lawful.  [23]  From this, one can deduct that there must have been a valid theoretical underlying to the force taken. It was clear that the action was not authorised under the Security Council resolutions, for while the resolutions were relied on in justifying the military action undertaken, it was always accepted that the resolutions did not authorise military force and indeed did not attempt to do so because of the veto that would be exercised by Russia. There was no question that the Serb forces had carried out an armed attack against NATO countries or anyone in the region of NATO countries and so the doctrines of self-defence or collective self-defence could not be relied on. The only remaining doctrine that could have possibly justified the military force undertaken by NATO forces was therefore that of humanitarian intervention. Indeed, the situation in Kosovo appears to be the one that elevated the doctrine of humanitarian intervention from what was seen to be a less than credible basis of justification of use of force to one that was apparently widely accepted.  [24]   Thus commentators who point out that the doctrine was accepted as applying to the case of Kosovo point to the wide apparent acceptance of the international community that the acts of NATO in Kosovo were legal. In March 1999 the states of Belarus and Russia introduced a draft resolution to the Security Council which stated that the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was illegal. This was rejected by a majority of 12 votes. In 1999, the UN Commission on Human Rights passed a resolution finding that the intervention by NATO had been lawful, with only Russia and Cuba (both communist states) finding against such a resolution.  [25]   Kosovo is therefore at least one incident where the right to humanitarian intervention was both relied on and appears to have been accepted. The difficulty lies in the fact that while the military action undertaken against Kosovo was considered to be morally justified, concerns continue to be expressed by academic commentators that the incident should not be seen to act as precedent, for doing so would effectively widen the category of exceptions that existed in relation to the use of force and undermine the well-established rules of Article 2(4).  [26]   Perhaps the next most famous incident where the right of humanitarian intervention was relied on, but one where the basis of such a right was considered to be much more contentious, was that of Iraq.  [27]  Coalition military intervention in Iraq in 2003 was one of the most contentious use of force that took place and the legality of the war continues to be debated to the current day. Different bases were offered by the coalition states that went to war at different times. Saddam Husseins brutal treatment of his people and the human rights violations that they had suffered were often pointed to when the rhetoric on whether a war should take place was entered into.  [28]  What is notable however was that although apparently doing so in the period preceding the war, neither the US nor the UK legally relied on the doctrine of humanitarian intervention to justify its war in Iraq. Rather, the UK relied on interpretation of Security Council resolutions while the US argued for the r ight of self-defence, both pointing to the fact that Iraq was in possession of weapons of self-destruction (an assertion which was later discovered to be invalid).  [29]  The fact that humanitarian intervention was not relied on despite the fact that Iraq was suffering a humanitarian catastrophe and had been for several years indicates that neither of the worlds leading states considered that the right to humanitarian intervention had established itself as a legal norm and would not, formally at least, be accepted by the international community as a bass for military intervention. Responsibility to protect The humanitarian intervention doctrine has evolved in recent times and international law has come to develop the responsibility to protect doctrine, often referred to as the R2P doctrine. The very existence of this doctrine supports the idea that humanitarian intervention is not only regarded as a moral justification of the use of force in states where human rights violations are being committed, but is a positive duty on the international community to act and intervene in states where there is inadequate respect for human rights. UN Secretary General Kofi Anan brought the tensions that were apparent behind the prohibition on the use of force in Article 2(4) and the fact that intervention was required as a result of increasing human rights violations that were seen around the world to the fore in 1999. At that date, the atrocities in Rwanda were being discussed by the international community, and the committee that had been set up to investigate how the genocide in Rwanda had taken place came back with reports attributing much blame to the UN for failing to take action in Rwanda in what was seen as a preventable genocide.  [30]  Annan therefore requested the General Assembly to answer the question of: if humanitarian intervention is, indeed an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we response to Rwanda, to a Srebrenica to gross and systematic violations of human rights?.  [31]   The Canadian government in response to this question set up the ICISS. In 2001 the ICISS produced a report where the doctrine of the responsibility to protect was advanced.  [32]  In 2004, the High-Level Panel on threats, challenges and changes that had been set up by the UN secretary-General stated that the R2P doctrine was an emerging norm of collective international responsibility to protect.  [33]  The Secretary-General went on to endorse this finding. In a 2005 world summit, the R2P doctrine was expressly accepted and referred to.  [34]   Perhaps the most pertinent recognition of the R2P doctrine is that the Security Council specifically referred to the doctrine in Resolution 1674 (2006) when it was regarding the question of how civilians in armed conflicts should be protected.  [35]  The Resolution referred to the R2P doctrine as a doctrine of international law apparently conferring upon it a status of customary international law or otherwise. The problem with the fact that R2P now appears to be part of international law is the emergence of further questions, namely what the relationship of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention with the R2P doctrine is. Is the R2P doctrine simply any other way of describing humanitarian intervention? Or are the two concepts entirely different? If so, is humanitarian intervention subject to the doctrine of R2P? Debate on these questions commenced ever since the R2P doctrine was put forward and has ensued ever since. One might consider that the R2P doctrine is in fact simply another way of describing the doctrine of humanitarian intervention, and one that seeks to grant the doctrine a more elevated status. The language of responsibility no doubt confers more powers than the language of rights does for while the latter grants states discretion in whether to exercise the particular rights of concern, the former does not. If one were to accept such an argument, then the fact that R2P now appears to be a doctrine of international law means that humanitarian intervention is also a rule of international law and such intervention legalises use of force in other states. However, the ICISSs formulation of the R2P doctrine is on the basis that it is an entirely different concept to the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. The ICISS report thus stated that humanitarian intervention should not be seen to be the prime concern in the modern world where catastrophic human rights violations such as Rwanda were taking place. The Commission argued that there was a need for a new doctrine, which governed the need to intervene in the affairs of states who committed human rights violations. Such a doctrine should not be seen as a right to intervene that was granted to the intervening state, as humanitarian intervention might do, but rather as a responsibility on other states to intervene as a result of the right of the state that was suffering human rights violations to be protected.  [36]   R2P also introduced a new method of dealing with the concept of state sovereignty. As set out above, the doctrine of humanitarian intervention does not tie in well with the concept of state sovereignty, for it effectively allows a sate to intervene in another states affairs on the ground that the former state is of the opinion that the latter states treatment of its own citizen is in accurate. Such a concept can be seen to go against the very idea of equality of states in international law.  [37]  The R2P doctrine proposes to deal with this tension by proposing that the concept of state sovereignty to control its citizens with that of sovereignty as responsibility to protect its citizens. Once again, there was a shift from rights to responsibility. The R2P doctrine effectively re-characterises the conception of state sovereignty as one that is a right of governments to control their citizens, to one where there is a duty on governments to protect its citizens, and rights are gran ted to citizens to be protected. Where these rights were not being complied with and a government was not protecting its citizens and was in fact committing human rights violations against it, then the sovereignty to protect was not being effected and this sovereignty did not exist. As such, any exercise of the R2P doctrine through the use of military force would not contravene any idea of sovereignty.  [38]   Such a proposal can be commended for its view of the principle of state sovereignty. The fact is that the concept of state sovereignty and the idea that a state is able to control its citizens as it wishes is one that while remaining in theory can be seen not to have continued on an international basis. International law has long adjudicated to govern the relationship of a state and its individuals. A prime example of this can be seen to be in international human rights protections which essentially impose standards on states with regards to a states treatment of its citizens which must be complied with.  [39]  The very concept of the international community and of the United Nations necessitates a limiting of the concept of state sovereignty. The reformulation of the concept of state sovereignty from one which sees sovereignty as control to that to protect might be considered to be ingenious in that it resolves the theoretical tensions that exist between the right to military in tervention in states where human rights violations are committed and sovereignty of that state. However, the fact is that the concept of sovereignty as sovereignty to protect still poses the same problems that the traditional concept of state sovereignty controls: Sovereignty to protect allows a third state to intervene in a states matters when protection of citizens is not being undertaken adequately. Which state is to decide however when citizens protection is being undertaken adequately and when it is not? To what extent does the protection of citizens in a state have to be undermined before military action can be allowed in that state?  [40]   Thus, whether or not R2P is the same or a different doctrine to that of humanitarian intervention, the same difficulties that are faced by humanitarian intervention proponents remain, and perhaps the most major of these problems is the wide floodgates the idea of a responsibility to protect opens. Practical incidents have shown how in the past humanitarian intervention has wrongfully been used by states, often on a post-facto basis, to justify use of force and intervention in other states. The R2P doctrine in fact provides for a wider scope of humanitarian intervention for as pointed out above, a responsibility imposes a larger duty and therefore a larger scope of power on states to take action than a right to intervene does, and the R2P doctrine therefore arguably exacerbates the problem that humanitarian intervention traditionally faced. In this vein however it must be noted that the proponents of the R2P doctrine point out that unlike humanitarian intervention, the R2P would impose a duty on states to employ a wide range of measures, along a continuum, to regulate states behaviour. Thus the R2P doctrine envisaged that preventative measures should be used to prevent human rights atrocities, and duties included rebuilding societies that had been affected by human rights violations. Such a doctrine is therefore very commendable in theory.  [41]   Furthermore, it must be pointed out that the R2P doctrine apparently appears to have been envisaged to be utilised within the provisions of the Security Council rather than impose duties or rights on states to act on a unilateral basis to military intervene in other countries. If that is the case, then the R2P doctrine has not really helped towards resolving the questions surrounding humanitarian intervention at all.  [42]   Conclusion The above discussion has shown that there are many questions regarding the legality of humanitarian intervention in international law as a justification for use of force in another state. There is little doubt that in the past the doctrine was not regarded as a valid justification for the use of force. Thus the international community tended to reject attempts by states to justify use of force with the concept of humanitarian intervention, not least because such justification was often posed on an ex facto basis and was usually tied in with some other form of justification that was put forward. The position appeared to change however in the NATO intervention in Kosovo when the international world apparently accepted the legality of the action. The war in Iraq in 2003 however appeared to reverse the position once again, when attempts to rely on humanitarian protection were rejected almost from the outset and indeed the coalition states eventually went on to rely on other basses to jus tify the use of force that was undertaken. The doctrine of humanitarian intervention does have its proponents and certainly is a very attractive concept in international law. In the writers view however the dangers posed by the doctrine outweigh the advantages that it offers. The doctrine effectively widens the scope of exceptions that exist to Article 2(4) and allows states to unilaterally take force. This undermines not only the concept of state sovereignty but also the purpose of the United Nations and the Security Council as being relevant bodies to regulate international peace and security. The R2P doctrine that has been put forward as a doctrine of international law is in many ways preferable to that of humanitarian intervention. The R2P doctrine provides for rights of citizens rather than rights of states and importantly it envisages that military action will be undertaken by the Security Council rather than on a unilateral basis. The writer is therefore of the opinion that the R2P doctrine should be distinguished from the idea of humanitarian intervention R2P should be recognised as a principle of international law and one that allows the Security Council to take military action in state when required. It should not however be seen to extend the doctrine of humanitarian protection. Indeed it is the writers view that humanitarian protection does not exist as a legal right in international law, both in theory and in practise. The doctrine goes against all ideas of state sovereignty and against the prohibition of the use of force in general. Furthermore, states do not appear to have accepted that the doctrine is a norm of law. In this vein, the case of Kosovo can be considered to be an exception in international law.  [43]  In that case, the only reason the Security Council did not take action was because of the presence of the Russian veto, but otherwise there was international consensus that military action should